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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
06:03

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Published on: September 20, 2024

The functioning antigens: beyond just as the immunological targets.

Yoshihiko Hirohashi1, Toshihiko Torigoe, Satoko Inoda

  • 1Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West 17, Chuo-ko, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan.

Cancer Science
|May 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Targeting functioning tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) is crucial for effective peptide cancer vaccines. This review details functioning antigens to improve cancer immunotherapy outcomes and overcome tumor escape mechanisms.

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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
06:03

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Published on: September 20, 2024

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Peptide cancer vaccines utilize tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to stimulate anti-tumor immunity.
  • Despite progress, some peptide vaccine therapies face challenges due to tumor escape via antigen loss.
  • TAAs are broadly categorized into functioning and non-functioning types, impacting vaccine efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and categorize functioning tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) for improved cancer vaccine design.
  • To highlight the importance of selecting appropriate TAAs to prevent tumor immune escape.
  • To provide a framework for understanding TAAs in the context of successful cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on tumor-associated antigens and cancer vaccine therapies.
  • Analysis of TAA characteristics, focusing on criteria defining 'functioning antigens'.
  • Categorization of TAAs based on their essentiality for tumor growth, expression patterns, and homogeneity.

Main Results:

  • Functioning antigens are essential for tumor growth, broadly expressed across malignancies, and homogeneously present in cancerous tissues.
  • Non-functioning antigens are more prone to antigen loss, leading to therapeutic failure.
  • The selection of functioning TAAs is critical for overcoming tumor escape and enhancing peptide vaccine efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Utilizing functioning tumor-associated antigens is paramount for the success of peptide cancer vaccine therapies.
  • Understanding TAA categorization aids in designing more robust and effective cancer immunotherapies.
  • Further research into functioning antigens can optimize vaccine strategies and improve patient outcomes.