[Probiotics. A review]

Probiotics are defined viable microorganisms which in sufficient amount reach the intestine in an active state, to be able to exert positive health benefit on the host. Thus far, they have shown particular promise on prevention or treatment of various pathologic conditions. Our aim has been to report the most recent articles (until October 2008), resulting from randomized, double controlled trials, according to the conventional and molecular methods. In this review we have taken into consideration almost all the fields in which the probiotics have been given, either with a prophylactic or therapeutic intent. So far we have summarized the actual results concerning lactose intolerance, acute rotavirus diarrhea, traveller's diarrhea, antibiotic associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile infection, and the role as adjuvant in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Furthermore, we have synthesised articles concerning the probiotic connection in irritable bowel syndrome, and in inflammatory bowel diseases. Last but not least, the prevention by probiotics of allergic diseases, of bacterial vaginosis, of respiratory infections, and the possible advantage in hypercholesteremic subjects.