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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
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[Limbic encephalitis--evolving concepts].

Georges Serratrice1, Jean-François Pellissier, Jacques Serratrice

  • 1L'Académie nationale de médecine.

Bulletin De L'Academie Nationale De Medecine
|May 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Limbic encephalitis involves inflammation of brain regions affecting memory and cognition. Treatment effectiveness varies based on antibody presence, with immunotherapy showing promise for specific types.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Context:

  • Limbic encephalitis is an inflammatory brain disorder affecting memory and cognition.
  • It can be localized to the limbic system or include extralimbic areas.
  • Key symptoms include memory loss, cognitive impairment, seizures, and hippocampal changes.

Purpose:

  • To review the causes, characteristics, and treatment of limbic encephalitis.
  • To differentiate between antibody-associated and antibody-negative forms.
  • To highlight the prognostic implications of different antibody targets.

Summary:

  • Causes include infections (e.g., herpes simplex virus) and paraneoplastic syndromes with onconeural antibodies (e.g., AntiHu, AntiMa2).
  • Voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies cause limbic encephalitis with hyponatremia and Shaker syndromes.
  • N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies, often linked to ovarian teratomas, are another significant cause.
  • Patients without detectable antibodies may have anti-neuropil antibodies.
  • Paraneoplastic encephalitis with intracellular antigens has a poor prognosis, while antibody-associated limbic encephalitis with cell membrane antigens responds better to immunotherapy.

Impact:

  • Distinguishing between antibody-associated and antibody-negative limbic encephalitis is crucial for prognosis and treatment.
  • Immunotherapy and plasma exchange are effective for certain types, particularly those with cell membrane antibodies.
  • Early diagnosis and targeted treatment can improve outcomes for patients with limbic encephalitis.