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Herpes

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...

Genital Herpes

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...

Chickenpox

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Published on: April 2, 2012

Ocular herpes simplex.

Nigel H Barker¹

¹Warrens Eye Care Centre, Manor Lodge, St Michael, Barbados.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|May 19, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) ocular infections can recur. This systematic review evaluates treatments for epithelial and stromal keratitis, and interventions to prevent recurrence, including oral aciclovir and topical corticosteroids.

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Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

Published on: November 3, 2012

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Infectious Diseases
Virology

Background:

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) ocular infections are common, often acquired early in life.
Recurrence rates are high, with 50% of individuals experiencing a repeat episode within 10 years.
Ocular HSV infections can lead to epithelial or stromal keratitis, impacting vision.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effectiveness of treatments for epithelial keratitis caused by HSV.
To evaluate treatments for stromal keratitis caused by HSV.
To assess interventions aimed at preventing the recurrence of ocular HSV infections, including in corneal graft recipients.

Main Methods:

Conducted a systematic review of studies up to July 2007, searching major databases.
Included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and observational studies.
Incorporated safety information from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

Identified seven systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies meeting inclusion criteria.
Performed a GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for various interventions.
Information was gathered on the effectiveness and safety of multiple treatment modalities.

Conclusions:

The review presents data on interventions including oral aciclovir, topical corticosteroids, topical antivirals, debridement, and topical interferons.
Effectiveness and safety information is provided for these treatments in managing ocular HSV infections.
The findings aim to inform clinical decisions regarding the treatment and prevention of recurrent ocular herpes.