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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Bone Markings

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

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Bunions.

¹School of Health and Bioscience, University of East London, London, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|May 19, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluates conservative and surgical bunion treatments. It found 21 studies on interventions like osteotomy, arthroplasty, and orthoses, assessing their effectiveness and safety for hallux valgus.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Podiatry
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Bunions, characterized by prominent metatarsal heads and bursae, are often linked to hallux valgus, a condition affecting at least 2% of children and nearly half of adults, with higher prevalence in women.
Hallux valgus involves the great toe deviating towards the second toe, leading to discomfort and potential inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and synthesize evidence on the effectiveness and safety of various conservative and surgical treatments for bunions (hallux valgus).
To evaluate postoperative care strategies associated with bunion interventions.

Main Methods:

A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases (Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library) up to May 2008.
Included studies comprised 21 systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
Quality of evidence for interventions was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system.

Main Results:

The review identified and analyzed a range of interventions for bunions.
Evidence quality was evaluated for each intervention using the GRADE framework.

Conclusions:

The systematic review provides comprehensive information on the effectiveness and safety of numerous bunion interventions.
Interventions discussed include arthrodesis (Lapidus procedure), various bone fixation techniques, osteotomies (chevron, distal metatarsal, phalangeal, proximal), arthroplasties (Keller's, Keller-Lelievre), early weight-bearing protocols, night splints, orthoses (including antipronatory orthoses for children), and slipper casts.