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Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior
07:52

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Published on: November 22, 2021

Motor behavior activates Bergmann glial networks.

Axel Nimmerjahn1, Eran A Mukamel, Mark J Schnitzer

  • 1James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. animmerj@stanford.edu

Neuron
|May 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed calcium (Ca2+) excitation in Bergmann glia networks during mouse locomotion. This astrocytic activity, linked to motor behavior, suggests a role in regulating brain dynamics and blood flow.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Astrocyte Biology
  • Motor Behavior Research

Background:

  • Neuronal activity is a known driver of animal behavior.
  • The role of astrocytic excitation, specifically in Bergmann glia, in animal behavior remains unclear.
  • Bergmann glia, found in the cerebellum, are involved in motor control and exhibit calcium (Ca2+) excitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate calcium (Ca2+) excitation in cerebellar Bergmann glia during animal behavior.
  • To determine if Bergmann glia exhibit Ca2+ excitation in awake, behaving animals.
  • To understand the relationship between astrocytic activity and motor performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two-photon microscopy to observe Bergmann glia in awake, behaving mice.
  • Recorded Ca2+ excitation patterns in Bergmann glia during various behaviors, including locomotion.
  • Investigated the effects of anesthesia and pharmacological blockade (neural activity, glutamatergic transmission) on Ca2+ excitation.

Main Results:

  • Identified three forms of Ca2+ excitation in Bergmann glia in awake mice.
  • Observed concerted Ca2+ excitation across extensive networks (hundreds of glia, hundreds of microns) during locomotor performance.
  • Found that concerted Ca2+ excitation was eliminated by anesthesia or blockade of neural/glutamatergic activity.

Conclusions:

  • Bergmann glia networks exhibit behavior-dependent Ca2+ excitation in the cerebellum.
  • This large-scale astrocytic activation during locomotion has the potential to influence brain dynamics and cerebral blood flow.
  • Highlights a novel link between astrocyte function and motor behavior regulation.