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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues
Published on: May 15, 2021
Signal amplification in biological and electrical engineering systems: universal role of cascades
Vladimir Grubelnik1, Bogdan Dugonik, Davorin Osebik
1Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroska cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
Abstract:
In this paper we compare the cascade mechanisms of signal amplification in biological and electrical engineering systems, and show that they share the capacity to considerably amplify signals, and respond to signal changes both quickly and completely, which effectively preserves the form of the input signal. For biological systems, these characteristics are crucial for efficient and reliable cellular signaling. We show that this highly-efficient biological mechanism of signal amplification that has naturally evolved is mathematically fully equivalent with some man-developed amplifiers, which indicates parallels between biological evolution and successful technology development.
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