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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Feedback Loops

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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...

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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Towards closed-loop glycaemic control.

Tom Van Herpe¹, Bart De Moor, Greet Van den Berghe

¹Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SCD), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Heverlee (Leuven), Belgium tom.vanherpe@esat.kuleuven.be

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology

|May 20, 2009

Summary

Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses manage blood glucose control using various algorithms. Advanced computerized protocols may become automated with near-continuous glucose monitoring, improving patient care.

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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

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Published on: February 28, 2013

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

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Published on: June 11, 2012

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Area of Science:

Critical Care Medicine
Biomedical Engineering
Clinical Nursing

Background:

Blood glucose control is crucial for critically ill patients in ICUs.
Nurses play a key role in implementing blood glucose management protocols.
Existing protocols vary in complexity, from basic to advanced computerized systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of different blood glucose control algorithms used in ICUs.
To describe the features of various blood glucose management protocols.
To highlight potential future directions in automated blood glucose control.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on blood glucose control algorithms.
Categorization of algorithms into basic, elementary computerized, and advanced computerized types.
Discussion of algorithm features and potential for automation.

Main Results:

Various algorithms exist, aiming to reduce healthcare team workload.
Performance comparisons are challenging due to dissimilar study parameters.
Advanced protocols show potential for full automation with reliable near-continuous glucose sensors.

Conclusions:

Blood glucose control algorithms are evolving, with a trend towards increased automation.
The development of accurate near-continuous glucose sensors is key for future automated systems.
Consideration of target ranges and sampling methods (e.g., capillary blood) is important in protocol design.