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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation
28:13

Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: February 26, 2013

Atrial fibrillation (chronic).

Christopher J Boos1, Deirdre A Lane, Gregory Y H Lip

  • 1Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Birmingham, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|May 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review examines oral medical treatments for chronic non-valvular atrial fibrillation, comparing rate versus rhythm control strategies. It synthesizes evidence on beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin for heart rate management.

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The WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device for Atrial Fibrillation
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The WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device for Atrial Fibrillation
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The WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device for Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: February 28, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation is a common supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by rapid, uncoordinated atrial activation.
  • Reduced atrial mechanical function and risk factors including age, cardiac disease, and infection are associated with atrial fibrillation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effects of oral medical treatments for heart rate control in chronic non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
  • To compare the effectiveness of rate versus rhythm control strategies in persistent non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 18 studies including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to August 2007.
  • Included safety alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA).

Main Results:

  • Synthesized evidence on the effectiveness and safety of various interventions.
  • Evaluated interventions including beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin.
  • Assessed rate versus rhythm control strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Presents information on the effectiveness and safety of key pharmacological interventions for atrial fibrillation.
  • Provides a basis for understanding treatment options in non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
  • Highlights the importance of systematic reviews in guiding clinical practice.