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Related Concept Videos

Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
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Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
07:24

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Published on: February 6, 2021

Bacterial conjunctivitis.

John Epling1

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|May 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review examines topical antibiotic effectiveness for bacterial conjunctivitis in adults and children. Evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE, informing treatment decisions.

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Conjunctival Commensal Isolation and Identification in Mice
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Conjunctival Commensal Isolation and Identification in Mice

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
07:24

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Published on: February 6, 2021

Conjunctival Commensal Isolation and Identification in Mice
07:52

Conjunctival Commensal Isolation and Identification in Mice

Published on: May 1, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Bacterial conjunctivitis is common in children, while adults more frequently experience viral forms.
  • Key bacterial pathogens include Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.
  • Contact lens wearers face increased risk of gram-negative infections and bacterial keratitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of antibiotics for bacterial conjunctivitis in adults and children.
  • To assess the effectiveness and safety of topical antibiotic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic literature review up to January 2006.
  • Searched major databases including Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library.
  • Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

  • Included 35 systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Performed a GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for interventions.
  • Presented findings on the effectiveness and safety of topical antibiotics.

Conclusions:

  • Topical antibiotics are a key intervention for bacterial conjunctivitis.
  • The review provides evidence-based information on their use in clinical practice.