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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice
04:36

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Published on: January 12, 2024

Diabetic retinopathy.

Efstratios Mendrinos1, Alexandros N Stangos, Constantin J Pournaras

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreo-retinal Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|May 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review examines treatments for diabetic retinopathy, a leading cause of blindness. It found evidence on laser photocoagulation, corticosteroids, and vitrectomy for managing this condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Diabetology
  • Evidence-based medicine

Background:

  • Diabetic retinopathy is a primary cause of blindness in the UK.
  • Risk factors include poor diabetic control, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia.
  • It can lead to microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, and retinal thickening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of treatments for diabetic retinopathy.
  • To evaluate treatments for vitreous hemorrhage associated with diabetic retinopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 29 studies (systematic reviews, RCTs, observational studies).
  • Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to March 2007.
  • Included harms alerts from FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

  • Evaluated the quality of evidence for various interventions using GRADE.
  • Identified studies meeting inclusion criteria for effectiveness and safety analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Presents information on the effectiveness and safety of key interventions.
  • Covers peripheral retinal laser photocoagulation, focal/grid laser for maculopathy, corticosteroids for macular edema, and vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage.