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Flail Chest-I

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...

Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Flail Chest-II

Flail Chest-II

Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip

Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip

Published on: September 29, 2023

Hip fracture.

David Oliver¹, Richard Griffiths, James Roche

¹Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|May 20, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hip fracture interventions, including surgery and rehabilitation, are reviewed for effectiveness and safety. This systematic review examines various treatments to improve outcomes for fracture patients.

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Surgical Technique of the 3-Dimensional-printed Personalized Hip Implant for the Treatment of Canine Hip Dysplasia

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Published on: April 19, 2024

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip

Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip

Published on: September 29, 2023

Surgical Technique of the 3-Dimensional-printed Personalized Hip Implant for the Treatment of Canine Hip Dysplasia

Surgical Technique of the 3-Dimensional-printed Personalized Hip Implant for the Treatment of Canine Hip Dysplasia

Published on: April 19, 2024

Area of Science:

Geriatric Medicine
Orthopedic Surgery
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Hip fractures significantly increase mortality, with 12-37% of patients dying within a year.
A substantial percentage of hip fracture survivors (10-20%) experience increased dependency.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of surgical, medical, and rehabilitation interventions for hip fractures.
To evaluate the impact of these interventions on surgical outcomes and complication prevention.

Main Methods:

Conducted a systematic review of literature up to January 2007.
Searched major databases including Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library.
Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

Included 52 systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
Performed a GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for various interventions.

Conclusions:

The review synthesizes evidence on diverse interventions: anesthesia, antibiotics, arthroplasty, internal fixation, conservative treatment, and rehabilitation programs.
Effectiveness and safety data are presented for perioperative prophylaxis, nutritional support, mobilization strategies, and pain management.