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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor
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Published on: December 13, 2017

Essential tremor.

Joaquim Jos Ferreira1, Cristina Sampaio

  • 1Instituto de Farmacologia e Teraputica Geral Lisbon School of Medicine University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|May 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluates drug treatments for essential tremor, a common movement disorder. It found evidence on the effectiveness and safety of various medications, including beta-blockers and gabapentin, for managing hand tremors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Essential tremor is a prevalent movement disorder affecting 0.4-3.9% of the global population.
  • While often mild, essential tremor can cause significant disability and social handicap in affected individuals seeking medical care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of drug treatments for essential tremor of the hand.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various pharmacological interventions for essential tremor.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic literature review up to December 2006.
  • Searched major databases including Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library.
  • Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

  • Identified 41 systematic reviews, RCTs, and observational studies meeting inclusion criteria.
  • Performed a GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for different interventions.
  • Compiled data on the effectiveness and safety of numerous drug treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Presents information on interventions including mirtazapine, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers (other than propranolol), botulinum toxin, calcium channel blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, clonidine, flunarizine, gabapentin, isoniazid, phenobarbital, primidone, propranolol, and topiramate.
  • Provides a comprehensive overview of available drug treatments for essential tremor.