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Related Concept Videos

Peptic Ulcer01:27

Peptic Ulcer

Peptic ulcers are erosive lesions of the gastric or duodenal lining, most commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This Gram-negative, helical bacterium has adapted to survive the stomach’s acidic environment by producing urease, which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia neutralizes gastric acid in the bacterium’s immediate environment, allowing colonization of the gastric mucosa. H. pylori attaches to mucus-secreting epithelial cells, penetrates the mucus...
Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications01:25

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Duodenal UlcersDuodenal ulcers are the most common form of peptic ulcer disease, presenting with chronic, intermittent epigastric pain. Pain typically appears 2–3 hours after meals, especially when the stomach is empty, often waking patients at night. It is characteristically relieved by food or antacids (“pain–food–relief”). Some patients remain asymptomatic until complications like bleeding or perforation emerge, particularly with NSAID or anticoagulant use.Gastric UlcersGastric ulcers share...
Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by mucosal excavation in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. It can manifest as acute or chronic based on the extent and duration of mucosal involvement.
An acute ulcer, marked by superficial erosion and minimal inflammation, swiftly resolves upon identifying and addressing the underlying cause. In contrast, a chronic ulcer persists, potentially eroding through the muscular wall and forming fibrous tissue.
Peptic ulcers can also be...
Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:25

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) involves breaks in the gastrointestinal tract's mucosal lining, primarily in the stomach and duodenum, with less frequent occurrences in the lower esophagus or near the pylorus.Ulcers can be acute or chronic. Acute ulcers are short-lived with minimal inflammation and heal quickly after the irritant is removed. Chronic ulcers persist, may recur, and often cause scarring due to ongoing tissue damage. Superficial erosions affect only the mucosal layer and are called...
Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

Peptic ulcer disease develops when protective mechanisms of the gastrointestinal mucosa are overwhelmed by harmful factors, leading to localized erosions in the stomach or proximal duodenum. The main causes are Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Helicobacter pylori–Induced InjuryBacterial Adaptation and Colonization:H. pylori is a spiral, Gram-negative bacterium adapted to the acidic stomach. and transmitted through oral-oral or...
Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology01:28

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by the development of ulcers in the stomach or duodenal mucosa. Its pathophysiology is complex, involving a balance between damaging and protective elements.
Damaging agents such as Helicobacter pylori, gastric acid, pepsin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can weaken the mucosal defense, allowing hydrogen ions to infiltrate back and harm epithelial cells.

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Examination of Oral Candida Infection in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients
05:26

Examination of Oral Candida Infection in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients

Published on: March 1, 2024

Aphthous ulcers (recurrent).

Stephen R Porter1, Crispian Scully Cbe

  • 1Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences UCL, University of London, London, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|May 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review examines treatments for recurrent aphthous ulcers. It found 18 studies evaluating interventions like corticosteroids and antibiotics, providing evidence on their effectiveness and safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Medicine
  • Dermatology
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Recurrent aphthous ulcers are common, typically small, and heal without scarring.
  • Causes are unknown, but smoking cessation and avoiding trauma may reduce recurrence.
  • A subset of patients experiences larger, scarring lesions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of various treatments for recurrent aphthous ulcers.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic review of medical literature up to August 2006.
  • Included 18 systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Incorporated harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

  • Identified and evaluated evidence for multiple interventions.
  • Performed a GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for each treatment.
  • Included studies on analgesics, carbenoxolone, chlorhexidine, corticosteroids, and tetracycline.

Conclusions:

  • Presents information on the effectiveness and safety of reviewed interventions for recurrent aphthous ulcers.
  • Highlights topical corticosteroids and tetracycline antibiotic mouthwash as key areas of investigation.
  • Provides a basis for clinical decision-making regarding aphthous ulcer treatment.