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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V) valves at the...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract III: Percussion01:29

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract III: Percussion

The respiratory system, fundamental to life, consists of complex structures responsible for gas exchange. The percussion assessment is critical to understanding this system's health and functionality. This non-invasive assessment technique allows healthcare providers to evaluate the density or aeration of the lungs, thereby identifying potential abnormalities.
Percussion in Respiratory Assessment
Percussion evaluates underlying tissue composition with audible and tactile vibrations,...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

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Tinnitus.

Julian Savage1, Stephanie Cook, Angus Wadell

  • 1Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|May 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluates treatments for chronic tinnitus, a condition affecting millions. It found 37 studies examining interventions like acupuncture, hearing aids, and psychotherapy for tinnitus relief.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Chronic tinnitus affects up to 18% of individuals in industrialized nations, severely impacting daily life for 0.5%.
  • Tinnitus is linked to hearing loss, drug toxicity, ear diseases, depression, and can disrupt sleep and concentration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various treatments for chronic tinnitus.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic review of 37 studies, including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to December 2006.
  • Included safety alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

  • The review identified numerous interventions for chronic tinnitus.
  • A GRADE evaluation was performed to assess the quality of evidence for each intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Information on the effectiveness and safety of interventions including acamprosate, acupuncture, antidepressant drugs, hearing aids, psychotherapy, and tinnitus retraining therapy is presented.
  • The review covers a wide range of treatments, from pharmacological agents to devices and therapies.