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Related Concept Videos

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an alkylated β-keto acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
10:53

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Published on: October 10, 2016

Formulation of ascorbic acid microemulsions with alkyl polyglycosides.

N Pakpayat1, F Nielloud, R Fortuné

  • 1Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UFR Pharmacie, Montpellier, France.

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics : Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik E.V
|May 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study developed optimized ascorbic acid microemulsions for topical use, demonstrating their potential as effective carriers for skin whitening and other applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a potent antioxidant with therapeutic potential but is unstable in formulations.
  • Microemulsions offer a promising delivery system for enhancing the stability and skin penetration of active ingredients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize ascorbic acid-loaded microemulsions for topical application.
  • To investigate the physicochemical properties and transdermal penetration of these microemulsions.
  • To evaluate their potential as a carrier for skin whitening and other dermatological treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Microemulsions were formulated using the Hydrophilic Lipophilic Deviation (HLD) concept and dilution ternary diagrams.
  • Physicochemical characteristics were analyzed, including surface tension and structure via small angle neutron scattering.
  • In vitro transdermal penetration was assessed using Frantz cells.

Main Results:

  • Optimized bicontinuous microemulsion structures were identified.
  • Ascorbic acid loading at the interface modified the microemulsion structure.
  • The microemulsions demonstrated effective solubilization, stabilization, and in vitro transdermal penetration of ascorbic acid.
  • Significant ascorbic acid accumulation in the epidermis was observed, correlating with melanin decomposition.

Conclusions:

  • Ascorbic acid microemulsions are effective carrier systems for topical applications, particularly for skin whitening due to epidermal accumulation.
  • The developed microemulsions show potential for various dermatological applications based on their penetration profiles.
  • These systems offer a viable approach for formulating and protecting unstable ascorbic acid.