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Eccentric Loading

Eccentric Loading

Eccentric loading is a crucial concept in the study of structural engineering and mechanics, particularly when analyzing the stability and stress distribution in columns. Unlike centric loading, where the force is applied along the centroidal axis, causing uniform compression, eccentric loading occurs when a force is applied off-center. This off-center application introduces not only direct compressive stress but also bending stress, significantly influencing the column's behavior under load.

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Published on: September 13, 2015

Predicting maximum eccentric strength from surface EMG measurements.

Matthew T G Pain¹, Stephanie E Forrester

¹School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK. m.t.g.pain@lboro.ac.uk

Journal of Biomechanics

|May 26, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Surface electromyography (EMG) can estimate in vitro tetanic forces from maximal voluntary contractions. This supports neural factors as the primary cause of strength discrepancies in eccentric muscle actions.

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Published on: December 16, 2009

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Neuroscience
Human Physiology

Background:

A significant gap exists between maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and in vitro tetanic eccentric strength.
The underlying physiological mechanisms driving this discrepancy remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if surface electromyography (EMG) can replicate the in vitro tetanic force-velocity relationship during maximal voluntary contractions.
To assess the contribution of neural factors to the observed strength differences.

Main Methods:

Five participants performed maximal knee extensions across various eccentric and concentric velocities using an isovelocity dynamometer.
Quadriceps EMG data were recorded concurrently with force measurements.
A muscle model was used to estimate MVC force-length-velocity characteristics.
Normalized EMG amplitude-length-velocity data were derived and used to correct MVC forces.

Main Results:

The in vitro tetanic force-velocity function demonstrated a significantly better fit to EMG-corrected forces compared to raw MVC forces (p<0.05).
EMG-corrected forces yielded realistic in vitro tetanic force-velocity profiles.
Theoretical elimination of neural factors suggests a potential 58±19% increase in maximal eccentric strength.

Conclusions:

Surface EMG amplitude is a viable method for estimating in vitro tetanic forces from in vivo maximal force measurements.
Neural factors are identified as the predominant contributors to the difference between in vitro and in vivo maximal strength.