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Solubility

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

Enthalpy of Solution

Enthalpy of Solution

There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...

Ideal Solutions

Ideal Solutions

According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the vapor phase...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Rapid Collection of Floral Fragrance Volatiles using a Headspace Volatile Collection Technique for GC-MS Thermal Desorption Sampling

Rapid Collection of Floral Fragrance Volatiles using a Headspace Volatile Collection Technique for GC-MS Thermal Desorption Sampling

Published on: December 10, 2019

Studies of perfume solubilisation.

J M Blakeway¹, P Bourdon, M Seu

¹Roure Bertrand Dupont, 55 Voie des Bans, Argenteuil, France.

International Journal of Cosmetic Science

|May 27, 2009

Summary

This study investigated perfume solubilization using anionic surfactants like monoethanolamine lauryl sulphate and sodium lauryl ether sulphate. The addition of nonionic surfactants was also explored, alongside a novel method for olfactory analysis.

Area of Science:

Cosmetic Science
Surfactant Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Solubilization is crucial for formulating perfumes and other cosmetic products.
Understanding surfactant interactions is key to product stability and efficacy.
Existing methods for evaluating perfume solutions may lack olfactory precision.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the solubilization of three distinct perfumes in anionic surfactant solutions.
To assess the impact of adding nonionic surfactants on perfume solubilization.
To develop and apply a method for the olfactory examination of these surfactant-perfume systems.

Main Methods:

Solubilization experiments were conducted using monoethanolamine lauryl sulphate (MLAS) and sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES).

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Nonionic surfactants were added to observe their effect on the solubilization process.

A novel method for the olfactive (odor-based) examination of the resulting solutions was developed and utilized.

Main Results:

The study determined the solubilization capacities of MLAS and SLES for the tested perfumes.
The addition of nonionic surfactants influenced the solubilization behavior of the perfumes.
The developed olfactive examination method provided insights into the sensory properties of the systems.

Conclusions:

Anionic surfactants effectively solubilize perfumes, with variations depending on the specific surfactant and perfume.
Nonionic surfactants can modify the solubilization and potentially the scent profile of perfume formulations.
The novel olfactive method offers a valuable tool for evaluating perfume-surfactant systems in cosmetic science.