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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

Vapor Pressure of Fluid

The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
When a liquid is placed in a closed container with a small air space, and the space is evacuated, vapor molecules will...
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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The extent of the...
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Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Preparation of Carbon Fiber and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Poly (butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming
07:56

Preparation of Carbon Fiber and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Poly (butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming

Published on: October 10, 2025

A relationship between foaming and H.L.B. value.

A A Badwan1, T M Cham, K C James

  • 1Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology, King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff CF1 3NU.

International Journal of Cosmetic Science
|May 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Foaming properties of sodium alkyl sulfates were studied. Foam volume increases with concentration, peaking at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and is influenced by temperature and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB).

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Preparation of Carbon Fiber and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Poly (butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming
07:56

Preparation of Carbon Fiber and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Poly (butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming

Published on: October 10, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Colloid Science

Background:

  • Surfactants are widely used in formulations for their ability to modify surface properties.
  • Understanding foaming behavior is crucial for optimizing product performance and stability.
  • Sodium alkyl sulfates and non-ionic surfactants are common examples with diverse applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the foaming properties of even-numbered sodium alkyl sulfates (C10-C18) in aqueous solutions.
  • To determine the relationship between surfactant concentration, temperature, and foam volume.
  • To explore the influence of hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) on maximum foam temperature (MFT).

Main Methods:

  • Foaming properties were assessed using three distinct foam generation methods.
  • Surfactant solutions were prepared with purified even-numbered sodium alkyl sulfates.
  • Foam volume was measured as a function of surfactant concentration and temperature.

Main Results:

  • Foam volume increased with surfactant concentration, reaching a plateau at the critical micelle concentration (CMC).
  • Above CMC, foam volume initially increased with temperature to a maximum foam temperature (MFT), then decreased.
  • MFT showed an inverse relationship with the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) for sodium alkyl sulfates and a positive relationship for non-ionic surfactants.

Conclusions:

  • Foaming behavior of sodium alkyl sulfates is concentration and temperature-dependent, with a characteristic MFT.
  • The HLB value is a key parameter predicting the MFT of these surfactants.
  • Similar trends were observed for triethanolamine salts and non-ionic surfactants, highlighting general principles in surfactant foaming.