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Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

Disorders of the Urinary System

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Published on: August 9, 2012

Bladder exstrophy in adulthood.

R B Nerli¹, G V Kamat, S S Alur

¹Department of Urology, KLES Kidney Foundation, KLES Prabhakar Kore Hospital and MRC, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India.

Indian Journal of Urology : IJU : Journal of the Urological Society of India

|May 27, 2009

Summary

Surgical correction of classic bladder exstrophy in adult males significantly improves self-esteem and social interactions. This study highlights successful outcomes in a small series, enhancing quality of life.

Keywords:

Adult augmentation ileocystoplasty bladder reconstruction epispadias exstrophy bladder

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Published on: August 9, 2012

Area of Science:

Urology
Pediatric Surgery
Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

Classic bladder exstrophy is rare in adults, with limited literature on adult treatment.
This study details the surgical experience with seven adult males diagnosed with classic bladder exstrophy and complete epispadias.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the outcomes of surgical correction for classic bladder exstrophy in adult males.
To assess the impact of surgical intervention on patients' psychological and social well-being.

Main Methods:

Adult males with classic bladder exstrophy underwent comprehensive evaluation, including psychological assessment.
Surgical approaches included cystectomy with continent pouch creation (pre-2002) and bladder reconstruction with augmentation ileocystoplasty (post-2002).
All patients received counseling regarding the procedure and the necessity of self-catheterization.

Main Results:

Seven adult males with untreated classic bladder exstrophy and complete epispadias were treated between 1991 and 2006.
Five patients underwent cystectomy with a continent pouch, while two had bladder reconstruction.
All patients reported improved self-esteem and social interaction; two achieved satisfactory sexual relationships.

Conclusions:

Surgical correction of classic bladder exstrophy in adult males leads to significant improvements in self-esteem and social functioning.
The findings suggest that reconstructive surgery is a viable and beneficial option for adult patients with this condition.
Improved psychological and social outcomes underscore the importance of addressing bladder exstrophy in adulthood.