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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel
08:27

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel

Published on: May 23, 2025

Elbow medial collateral ligament injuries.

Ra'kerry K Rahman1, William N Levine, Christopher S Ahmad

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH 11th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
|May 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Medial collateral ligament (MCL) elbow sprains, common in throwing athletes, require accurate diagnosis of medial elbow pain. Further research into surgical techniques and clinical outcomes is needed for advancing MCL injury treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel
08:27

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel

Published on: May 23, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Elbow medial collateral ligament (MCL) sprains result from excessive valgus force.
  • Medial elbow pain diagnosis is crucial for identifying MCL injuries and other pathologies.
  • Throwing athletes are particularly susceptible to this injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, evaluation, and surgical management of MCL injuries.
  • To discuss current and evolving surgical techniques for MCL reconstruction.
  • To highlight the need for further biomechanical and clinical outcome data.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of MCL injury pathophysiology and treatment.
  • Analysis of diagnostic modalities and physical exam maneuvers.
  • Description of surgical indications, contraindications, and techniques.

Main Results:

  • Significant evolution in MCL injury management over the past 20 years.
  • Advancements in surgical procedures, imaging, and physical examination.
  • Identified need for more biomechanical and long-term clinical data.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of medial elbow pain is essential for effective MCL injury management.
  • Current understanding and surgical techniques for MCL injuries have advanced.
  • Future research should focus on biomechanical studies and long-term clinical outcomes of surgical modifications.