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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
10:39

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Published on: October 11, 2016

Coherence transport through imperfect x-ray optical systems.

K Nugent, C Tran, A Roberts

    Optics Express
    |May 28, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Third-generation synchrotron sources produce coherent X-rays, but experimental setups seem to lose this coherence. This study argues that unresolved speckle in X-ray beams causes the loss of useful coherent flux.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Materials Science
    • Optics

    Background:

    • Third-generation synchrotron sources generate high-intensity coherent X-ray radiation.
    • Current experimental systems fail to fully exploit the available coherent flux.
    • A perceived loss of coherence during beamline transport is observed.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the reasons behind the apparent loss of useful coherent flux from synchrotron sources.
    • To challenge the notion that coherence is lost during beamline transport.
    • To identify the origin of "decoherence" within the experimental measurement process.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing phase space methods to analyze X-ray beam properties.
    • Investigating the interaction of coherent radiation with experimental systems.

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    Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
    10:39

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    Published on: October 11, 2016

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
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    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

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  • Examining the role of speckle in the X-ray beam.

    • Main Results:

    • Coherence is theoretically preserved or increased by experimental systems.
    • The apparent loss of coherence originates from the measurement process.
    • Unresolved speckle in the X-ray beam is identified as the cause of useful coherent flux loss.

    Conclusions:

    • The perceived loss of coherent flux is an artifact of the measurement, not a loss of intrinsic coherence.
    • Speckle, a common feature in coherent beams, plays a crucial role in limiting the utility of coherent flux.
    • Understanding speckle is key to optimizing experimental setups for advanced synchrotron sources.