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Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of many...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Seizure Activity Induced by Electroshock in Drosophila Larvae
06:10

Seizure Activity Induced by Electroshock in Drosophila Larvae

Published on: June 6, 2025

Fosphenytoin.

Kai Eriksson1, Tapani Keränen, Reetta Kälviäinen

  • 1Docent University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Pediatric Neurology Unit, Pediatric Research Centre, Tampere, Finland. kai.eriksson@uta.fi

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
|May 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Fosphenytoin, a pro-drug of phenytoin, offers similar safety and efficacy for seizure treatment. However, its higher cost is not justified by clear clinical benefits over traditional phenytoin administration.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Therapeutics
  • Neurology and Epilepsy Management

Background:

  • Fosphenytoin, a phosphate ester pro-drug of phenytoin, was developed to mitigate complications associated with intravenous phenytoin administration.
  • It is indicated for acute symptomatic seizures, short-term prophylaxis, and treatment of repetitive or prolonged seizures, including status epilepticus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the current role of fosphenytoin within treatment algorithms against the established use of phenytoin.
  • To evaluate the comparative pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of fosphenytoin versus phenytoin.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of published literature was conducted.
  • The review focused on pharmacokinetic and dynamic profiles, clinical effectiveness, and adverse event profiles in both pediatric and adult populations.

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Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity
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Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

Published on: March 16, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Seizure Activity Induced by Electroshock in Drosophila Larvae
06:10

Seizure Activity Induced by Electroshock in Drosophila Larvae

Published on: June 6, 2025

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity
09:52

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

Published on: March 16, 2018

  • Comparative analysis between fosphenytoin and phenytoin was central to the methodology.

    • Main Results:

    • Intravenous fosphenytoin demonstrates an adverse effect profile comparable to that of phenytoin when administered according to recommended guidelines.
    • Published data does not indicate a clear clinical advantage of fosphenytoin over phenytoin in terms of efficacy or safety.

    Conclusions:

    • Fosphenytoin exhibits a similar safety profile to phenytoin for intravenous administration in seizure management.
    • The current evidence does not support a significant clinical benefit of fosphenytoin that would justify its higher acquisition cost compared to phenytoin.