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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Quantitative Autoradiographic Method for Determination of Regional Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis In Vivo

Quantitative Autoradiographic Method for Determination of Regional Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis In Vivo

Published on: June 28, 2019

Estimation of reference intervals from small samples: an example using canine plasma creatinine.

A Geffré¹, J P Braun, C Trumel

¹Department of Clinical Sciences, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, Toulouse, France. a.geffre@envt.fr

Veterinary Clinical Pathology

|May 29, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Determining canine creatinine reference intervals from small samples is unreliable. Graphical data presentation and comparing multiple estimation methods are recommended for small sample sizes in veterinary clinical pathology.

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Area of Science:

Veterinary clinical pathology
Biostatistics
Animal health diagnostics

Background:

International guidelines recommend at least 120 individuals for reference intervals.
Small sample sizes in veterinary medicine, especially for wild animals, hinder accurate reference interval determination.
Bias and distribution normality are difficult to assess with limited data.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare reference limits derived from a large canine plasma creatinine dataset with estimates from small, randomly selected subsets.
To evaluate the reliability of different statistical methods for estimating reference intervals from limited data.

Main Methods:

Randomly selected 20 sets of 120 and 27 samples from 1439 canine plasma creatinine results.
Calculated reference intervals using nonparametric methods, parametric and robust methods (with Box-Cox transformation), and cumulative distribution functions.
Assessed variability and accuracy of estimates from small samples against the full dataset.

Main Results:

The full dataset showed a skewed distribution, normalized by Box-Cox transformation.
Estimates of reference limits from small samples exhibited high variability.
Parametric and robust methods after Box-Cox transformation provided the closest estimates but were sometimes grossly erroneous.

Conclusions:

Estimating canine creatinine reference intervals from small samples is highly variable and potentially erroneous.
Graphical representation (dot plots, histograms) of data is advised for small samples.
Comparing estimates from multiple methods is crucial when working with limited reference data.