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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B
Published on: January 30, 2017
Clinical severity and molecular typing of human rhinovirus C strains during a fall outbreak affecting hospitalized
A Piralla1, F Rovida, G Campanini
1Servizio di Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Background:
The circulation rate and the clinical severity of infections caused by members of the new human rhinovirus C (HRV-C) species remain to be defined.
Objectives:
To investigate the epidemiologic and clinical impact of HRV-C strains in a fall outbreak interesting hospitalized patients.
Study Design:
HRV species (A-C) were determined by phylogenetic analysis following amplification of two genome regions (5'NCR and VP4/VP2) by RT-PCR. HRV species were correlated with age, respiratory tract involvement, clinical symptoms, and HRV load in respiratory secretions.
Results:
During the first week of the period October-November 2008, single HRV infections were associated with 95% of all respiratory syndromes affecting hospitalized patients. Then, HRV infections (single+coinfections) interested about 90% of positive samples until the end of October, when they declined in frequency until reaching about 30% at the end of November. Overall, 104 HRV strains were detected and, of these, 90 could be classified by phylogenetic analysis, as follows: 45 HRV-A, 12 HRV-B, 28 HRV-C, and 5 human enterovirus D strains. HRV-C identity was confirmed by detection of cis-acting replication elements (cre) in 23/23 strains. As for severity of respiratory syndromes, unlike HRV-A and HRV-B strains, HRV-C strains were responsible for a significantly higher rate (p<0.05) of lower respiratory tract infections in the pediatric as compared to adult patient population.
Conclusions:
HRV-C strains have been shown to circulate at a rate intermediate between HRV-A and HRV-B strains, showing a greater degree of clinical severity in the pediatric population.
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