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Related Concept Videos

Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
CSF Production
CSF is produced mainly in the choroid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the ventricular system of the brain.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing of Cerebrospinal Fluid for the Detection of Central Nervous System Pathogens
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EFNS guidelines on disease-specific CSF investigations.

F Deisenhammer1, R Egg, G Giovannoni

  • 1Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria. florian.deisenhammer@i-med.ac.at

European Journal of Neurology
|May 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers like tau and amyloid beta aid in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. Other markers help identify Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, narcolepsy, and CSF contamination, with neurofilaments showing prognostic value in acute neurological conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biochemistry
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is crucial for diagnosing neurological diseases.
  • Identifying specific biomarkers enhances diagnostic accuracy and prognostic evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of disease-specific biomarkers in CSF.
  • To explore current and potential future CSF biomarkers for various neurological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on CSF biomarkers.
  • Analysis of sensitivity and specificity data for identified biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • High tau/low amyloid beta ratio shows 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity for Alzheimer's disease.
  • 14-3-3 protein detection is 80-90% sensitive and 90% specific for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
  • Low hypocretin-1 indicates narcolepsy with cataplexy; beta-2-transferrin and beta-trace protein detect CSF contamination, with beta-trace protein being faster and cheaper.
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor and neurofilaments are potential future biomarkers with prognostic implications in specific neurological conditions.

Conclusions:

  • CSF biomarkers offer significant diagnostic and prognostic value in neurological diseases.
  • Specific biomarker profiles aid in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, CJD, and narcolepsy.
  • Emerging biomarkers like neurofilaments hold promise for assessing neuronal degeneration and prognosis in acute neurological injuries.