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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...

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Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators
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Continuous flow structuring of anisotropic biopolymer particles.

Philipp Erni1, Carsten Cramer, Irene Marti

  • 1Laboratory of Process Engineering, Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. philipp.erni@alumni.ethz.ch

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
|June 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biopolymer particles can be shaped into non-spherical forms using flow fields and solidification. These structured biopolymer particles offer potential as rheology modifiers in various products.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Materials science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Controlled structuring of biopolymer particles is crucial for advanced material design.
  • Hydrodynamic flow fields offer a method for particle shaping and modification.
  • Biopolymers derived from sustainable sources are gaining importance in material applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review concepts and examples of controlled biopolymer particle structuring in hydrodynamic flow fields.
  • To categorize structuring concepts based on physical mechanisms governing particle deformation and shaping.
  • To highlight the potential of structured biopolymer particles as rheology modifiers.

Main Methods:

  • Grouping structuring concepts by physical mechanisms: capillary, shear/elongational, and confined flow methods.
  • Superimposing solidification processes (gelation, glass formation) onto hydrodynamic flow.
  • Analyzing the interplay of capillary phenomena, rheology, and transport processes.

Main Results:

  • Non-spherical biopolymer particles can be permanently structured via combined flow and solidification.
  • Structuring effectiveness depends on the balance between fluid dynamics, rheology, and solidification kinetics.
  • Identified three primary mechanisms for particle structuring: capillary, shear/elongational, and confined flow.

Conclusions:

  • Structured biopolymer particles, particularly from sustainable sources, show promise as rheology modifiers.
  • The physical and engineering properties are governed by a complex interplay of factors.
  • Further research can leverage these structuring techniques for novel material development.