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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Skeletal morphofunctional considerations and the pituitary-thyroid axis.

Jameel Iqbal1, Terry F Davies, Li Sun

  • 1Mount Sinai Bone Program and Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Scholar Edition)
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances reveal molecular mechanisms governing skeletal development and adult remodeling. This review details how thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) impact bone formation and maintenance.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Skeletal biology

Background:

  • The past decade has illuminated novel molecular mechanisms of skeletal remodeling and development.
  • Advanced genetic tools allow precise manipulation of genes in specific cells and timeframes.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for identifying defects in skeletal disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular mechanisms regulating skeletal morphogenesis and remodeling.
  • To describe the role of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) in skeletal processes.
  • To highlight the cross-talk between the skeleton and other organs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of genetic studies on skeletal development and remodeling.
  • Integration of findings on endocrine regulation of bone.

Main Results:

  • Novel molecular pathways controlling skeletal development and adult remodeling have been identified.
  • Genetic manipulation has pinpointed specific molecular events in cellular processes.
  • Cross-talk between the skeleton and organs like the brain, pituitary, adipose tissue, and pancreas has been demonstrated.
  • Thyroid hormones and TSH play significant roles in skeletal morphogenesis and remodeling.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal development and remodeling are increasingly understood.
  • Thyroid hormones and TSH are key regulators of skeletal health.
  • Inter-organ communication significantly influences skeletal homeostasis.