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Early-life stress induces long-term morphologic changes in primate brain.

Simona Spinelli1, Svetlana Chefer, Stephen J Suomi

  • 1Developmental Cognitive Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. spinellis@kennedykrieger.org

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Early life stress, like peer-rearing, can alter brain structure. Peer-reared monkeys showed enlarged stress-sensitive brain regions, suggesting a potential risk marker for neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Comparative Medicine

Background:

  • Early childhood trauma is linked to stress-related disorders and structural brain abnormalities.
  • It remains unclear if these brain changes precede disease onset or result from its progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify nonhuman primate brain structural abnormalities that may predict heightened risk for stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders in humans.
  • Investigate the impact of early life rearing conditions on brain development.

Main Methods:

  • Rhesus monkeys were divided into mother-reared and peer-reared groups for the first six months of life.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to acquire anatomical brain images.
  • Volumetric measures of key brain regions (anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, corpus callosum, cerebellar vermis) were compared.

Main Results:

  • Peer-reared monkeys exhibited enlarged cerebellar vermis, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex compared to mother-reared controls.
  • No significant differences were observed in the corpus callosum or hippocampus volumes between the groups.

Conclusions:

  • Infancy peer-rearing induces structural enlargement in stress-sensitive brain regions.
  • These observed brain changes may represent a structural phenotype associated with an increased risk for stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.