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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
12:12

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Epigenetic reprogramming by somatic cell nuclear transfer in primates.

Michelle Sparman1, Vikas Dighe, Hathaitip Sritanaudomchai

  • 1Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.

Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio)
|June 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers improved primate somatic cell nuclear transfer efficiency using different skin fibroblast donor cells. This breakthrough enhances the derivation of embryonic stem (ES) cells, crucial for regenerative medicine and understanding primate development.

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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
12:12

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
09:52

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
13:36

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

Published on: September 30, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Stem cell research
  • Primate developmental biology

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state.
  • Previous SCNT in primates showed low efficiency, requiring numerous oocytes.
  • Improving SCNT efficiency is critical for deriving primate embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance blastocyst development and ES cell derivation rates in rhesus macaques using SCNT.
  • To investigate the potential of reprogrammed primate ES cells, including germ cell contribution.
  • To assess the epigenetic reprogramming accuracy in SCNT-derived primate ES cells.

Main Methods:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult female rhesus macaque skin fibroblasts as nuclear donors.
  • Oocyte retrieval from a single female following controlled ovarian stimulation.
  • In vitro and in vivo differentiation assays to assess pluripotency.
  • Analysis of imprinted gene expression, methylation, telomere length, and X-inactivation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved nearly threefold higher blastocyst development and ES cell derivation rates compared to previous studies.
  • Successfully derived two ES cell lines from adult female rhesus macaque skin fibroblasts.
  • Demonstrated pluripotency of derived ES cells, including differentiation into various somatic cell types and germ cell markers.
  • Confirmed accurate and extensive epigenetic reprogramming through molecular analyses.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized SCNT protocols significantly improve the efficiency of primate ES cell derivation.
  • SCNT-derived primate ES cells exhibit broad differentiation potential, including germline potential.
  • Oocyte-specific factors mediate comprehensive epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells during SCNT.