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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:

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Evolution of vault RNAs.

Peter F Stadler1, Julian J-L Chen, Jörg Hackermüller

  • 1Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|June 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vault RNAs (vtRNAs), small noncoding RNAs, have conserved genomic locations linked to protocadherin genes in vertebrates. Mammals possess a second locus, with promoter differences influencing expression in cancer cell lines.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Noncoding RNA Research

Background:

  • Vault RNAs (vtRNAs) are small polymerase III transcripts within eukaryotic vault particles.
  • Their functions remain enigmatic, leading to limited research compared to other noncoding RNA families.
  • Poor sequence conservation complicates homology searches, especially within vertebrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a systematic analysis of vtRNAs in deuterostomes.
  • To create a comprehensive collection of computationally predicted vtRNA genes.
  • To investigate the genomic organization and evolutionary conservation of vtRNA loci.

Main Methods:

  • Computational prediction of vtRNA genes across deuterostomes.
  • Comparative genomics to identify conserved and lineage-specific loci.
  • Analysis of promoter structures and correlation with expression patterns.
  • Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression verification in teleosts.

Main Results:

  • Identified conserved genomic loci for vtRNAs linked to the protocadherin gene cluster in gnathostomes.
  • Observed frequent lineage-specific expansions of vtRNA gene clusters near protocadherin loci.
  • Discovered a second, syntenically conserved vtRNA locus in eutherian mammals.
  • Found substantial differences in promoter structures between the two eutherian vtRNA loci, correlating with differential expression in human cancer cell lines.
  • Verified expression of multiple paralogous vtRNA genes in teleosts.

Conclusions:

  • The protocadherin gene cluster represents a conserved genomic anchor for vtRNAs across gnathostomes.
  • Eutherian mammals exhibit distinct vtRNA loci with unique promoter architectures, impacting gene expression.
  • vtRNA evolution involves both conserved synteny and lineage-specific gene duplications.
  • Further research into vtRNA function and regulation is warranted, particularly in the context of cancer biology.