Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Representativeness Heuristic02:13

The Representativeness Heuristic

The representative heuristic describes a biased way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something. For example, you may assume that your professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with your stereotypes of professors.
Impact of Schemas01:30

Impact of Schemas

Schemas are cognitive structures that provide a framework for interpreting and organizing social information. They help individuals navigate complex environments by offering expectations about people, events, and behaviors. Schemas influence attention, encoding, and retrieval processes, thereby shaping the entire trajectory of information processing in social contexts.Attention and Cognitive LoadDuring initial attention, schemas function as filters that prioritize schema-consistent information,...
Social Facilitation01:04

Social Facilitation

Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
Stereotype Content Model02:16

Stereotype Content Model

The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence categorization, a person will feel...
Social Loafing01:37

Social Loafing

Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated, individuals become less...
Social Scripts02:10

Social Scripts

People tend to know what behavior is expected of them in specific, familiar settings. A script is a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting (Schank & Abelson, 1977). Essentially, scripts are a particular kind of schema, one containing default values for the features within an event. In the restaurant example, the script's features include the props (e.g., tables, menu, food, and money), the roles to be played (e.g., customer and waiter), the opening...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Theta band activity during event-file retrieval is influenced by stimulus salience in the preceding action episode.

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior·2026
Same author

Altered neural oscillatory dynamics underlie reduced anticipatory schema use during event segmentation in adolescents with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum disorder.

NeuroImage. Clinical·2026
Same author

How the influence of cingulate-lingual interactions on event segmentation changes from early to late adolescence.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Negative Feedback Does Not Reverse Observationally Acquired Binding and Retrieval Effects: A Failed Replication.

Journal of cognition·2026
Same author

Learning from feedback is independent from feedback visibility, but supported by aperiodic neural activity.

NeuroImage·2026
Same author

Attribution of Selfhood Based on Simple Behavioral Cues: Toward a Pars-Pro-Toto Account.

Cognitive science·2026
Same journal

A Field Experiment Testing Whether Accountability Reduces Racial Gaps in Performance Evaluations.

Psychological science·2026
Same journal

Does Testosterone Affect Cognitive Reflection? Evidence From a Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study of 1,000 Participants.

Psychological science·2026
Same journal

Does Overconfidence Really Confer Adaptive Benefits to Children's Learning?

Psychological science·2026
Same journal

How Does the Mind Grow? Cross-Cultural Intuitive Theories of Mental Development.

Psychological science·2026
Same journal

Not All Practice Is Created Equal: Longitudinal Evidence From Over 40,000 Chess Players.

Psychological science·2026
Same journal

Eye Glint as a Novel Perceptual Cue in Human Vision.

Psychological science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

How social are task representations?

Bernhard Hommel1, Lorenza S Colzato, Wery P M van den Wildenberg

  • 1Leiden University, Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands. hommel@fsw.leidenuniv.nl

Psychological Science
|June 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Simon effect, where actions align with stimuli, is socially shared only in positive relationships. Social interactions influence how we process actions, suggesting separate representations for self and others are integrated when relationships are positive.

More Related Videos

Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
07:53

Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: August 5, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
07:53

Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: August 5, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Neuroscience
  • Human Action Representation

Background:

  • The Simon effect demonstrates faster action execution when stimuli spatially correspond to responses.
  • Previous research suggested task representations are socially shared, extending the Simon effect to joint actions.
  • The influence of social relationships on shared task representations remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the interactive Simon effect depends on the valence of the relationship between actors.
  • To determine if social relationships modulate the integration of self- and other-generated action representations.
  • To explore the conditions under which task representations become socially shared.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a Simon task with a confederate whose behavior manipulated the relationship's valence (positive vs. negative).
  • Behavioral data (reaction times, accuracy) were collected during the joint Simon task.
  • Statistical analyses examined the Simon effect in different relational contexts.

Main Results:

  • The interactive Simon effect was observed only when the confederate acted cooperatively and positively.
  • No interactive Simon effect was found when the confederate acted competitively and intimidatingly.
  • This indicates that the social sharing of action representations is contingent on relationship quality.

Conclusions:

  • Agents can maintain separate representations for self- and other-generated actions.
  • Positive social relationships facilitate the integration of these representations, leading to effects like the interactive Simon effect.
  • Negative social relationships inhibit this integration, highlighting the role of affect in social cognition and shared task processing.