Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Feedback Inhibition00:46

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Neural effects of expectation violation generalise across sensory modalities.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Trajectory classes of post-stroke depression severity and their baseline predictors: A multi-cohort replication study.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same author

Functional neurological symptoms occur commonly in healthy adults: implications for the pathophysiology of FND.

CNS spectrums·2026
Same author

Advanced neuroimaging in PCOS: state-of-the-art techniques and emerging trends.

The Journal of endocrinology·2026
Same author

Measurement of ocular aberrations with an analog holographic wavefront sensor.

Applied optics·2026
Same author

District nursing role ambiguity and the 10 Year Health Plan.

British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition
08:55

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

Published on: February 8, 2018

Learning from errors: error-related neural activity predicts improvements in future inhibitory control performance.

Robert Hester1, Janelle Madeley, Kevin Murphy

  • 1Department of Psychology, School of Behavioural Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. hesterr@unimelb.edu.au

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|June 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Healthy individuals adapt behavior after errors, a function of the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC). This study shows pMFC activity during errors predicts future adaptive cognitive control, even after delays.

More Related Videos

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition
08:55

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

Published on: February 8, 2018

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Adapting behavior after errors is crucial for cognitive control.
  • Impaired error adaptation is a hallmark of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
  • The posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) is implicated in error processing and behavioral adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the brain adapts cognitive control following errors.
  • To examine the role of the pMFC in learning from past mistakes.
  • To determine if neural activity during errors predicts future performance adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used.
  • Participants performed a Go/No-go response inhibition task.
  • The task design allowed for re-exposure to previously failed stimuli after a delay.

Main Results:

  • pMFC activity was higher for errors that were subsequently corrected compared to repeated errors.
  • pMFC activity during errors predicted subsequent response adaptation.
  • This predictive relationship held even with a significant delay (average 12 trials) between error and re-exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Error-related activity in the pMFC predicts adaptive changes in cognitive control.
  • Findings support models linking error processing to outcome expectancy.
  • The results may explain diminished error signals and perseverative behavior in conditions like schizophrenia.