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High conversion efficiency single-pass second harmonic generation in a zinc-diffused periodically poled lithium

Lu Ming, Corin Gawith, Katia Gallo

    Optics Express
    |June 6, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study presents a new method for creating zinc-diffused channel waveguides in lithium niobate. The technique preserves periodic poling and improves resistance to photorefractive damage, achieving high nonlinear conversion efficiency.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optoelectronics
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is crucial for nonlinear optical devices.
    • Fabricating channel waveguides in PPLN often risks damaging the domain structure.
    • Existing diffusion methods can be complex or less efficient.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a modified zinc-diffusion technique for fabricating channel waveguides in z-cut PPLN.
    • To preserve the periodically poled domain structure during waveguide fabrication.
    • To enhance the photorefractive damage resistance of the waveguides.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized metallic zinc for diffusion at atmospheric pressure.
    • Optimized thermal diffusion parameters for z-cut PPLN.
    • Characterized nonlinear properties using second harmonic generation (SHG).

    Main Results:

    • Successfully fabricated channel waveguides that maintain the PPLN domain structure.
    • Waveguides support both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes.
    • Achieved a maximum SHG conversion efficiency of 59%W⁻¹cm⁻² with a continuous-wave laser.
    • Attained 81% SHG conversion efficiency using a pulsed laser source.

    Conclusions:

    • The modified zinc-diffusion technique is effective for creating robust channel waveguides in PPLN.
    • The fabricated waveguides exhibit excellent nonlinear optical performance and improved photorefractive resistance.
    • This method offers a promising approach for advanced integrated photonic devices.