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Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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The progression of dementia is generally gradual.
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The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
06:23

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: October 13, 2016

Early onset dementia.

Halim Fadil1, Aimee Borazanci, Elhachmia Ait Ben Haddou

  • 1Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71103, USA.

International Review of Neurobiology
|June 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early-onset dementia (EOD) affects individuals under 65, often leading to misdiagnosis. A systematic diagnostic approach is crucial as some causes of EOD are treatable.

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Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
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Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
06:23

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: October 13, 2016

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
09:17

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Dementia involves cognitive decline and behavioral changes impacting daily life.
  • Early-onset dementia (EOD), affecting those under 65, presents unique diagnostic challenges compared to late-onset dementia.
  • EOD impacts individuals during their prime, causing significant personal, familial, and societal consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a systematic approach for the differential diagnosis of early-onset dementia (EOD).
  • To outline clinical and neuroimaging features of EOD and diagnostic considerations.
  • To emphasize the importance of timely and accurate EOD diagnosis due to potentially curable causes.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed discussion of history taking and neurological examination nuances for EOD assessment.
  • Exploration of cognitive and behavioral evaluation methods specific to EOD.
  • Step-wise diagnostic testing strategy including anatomical localization for etiological identification.

Main Results:

  • EOD is diagnosed in up to one-third of dementia patients.
  • A systematic approach aids in differentiating EOD causes.
  • Categorization of EOD etiologies into vascular, infectious, toxic-metabolic, immune-mediated, neoplastic/metastatic, and neurodegenerative.

Conclusions:

  • Timely and accurate diagnosis of EOD is critical due to potentially reversible causes.
  • A structured diagnostic process, incorporating clinical, imaging, and etiological factors, is essential for effective EOD management.
  • Understanding the varied differential diagnosis of EOD improves patient outcomes and reduces societal burden.