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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Atypical presentation of infiltrative thyroid dermopathy.

S A Rice1, N R Peden, S McGlynn

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Stirling Royal Infirmary, Stirling, UK.

Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
|June 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case study reports the first instance of Graves disease-related skin thickening on the thenar eminences. Researchers explore potential links to repetitive occupational injury and the lack of treatment guidelines for this rare condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Dermatology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the thyroid.
  • Infiltrative dermopathy, also known as pretibial myxedema, is a rare manifestation of Graves' disease.
  • This condition typically presents as skin thickening on the shins.

Observation:

  • A 46-year-old woman with a history of Graves' disease presented with unusual skin changes.
  • The affected areas were the thenar eminences, the fleshy part of the palm at the base of the thumb.
  • This presentation is highly atypical for Graves' disease infiltrative dermopathy.

Findings:

  • This represents the first documented case of infiltrative dermopathy localized to the thenar eminences.
  • The authors hypothesize that repetitive occupational injury may have contributed to the development of dermopathy in this specific location.
  • The etiology and pathogenesis of this localized presentation remain unclear.

Implications:

  • This case expands the known clinical spectrum of Graves' disease manifestations.
  • It highlights the need for further research into potential environmental or occupational triggers for localized dermopathy.
  • The lack of established treatment protocols for this rare presentation necessitates careful clinical management and further investigation.