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Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.

C4 Pathway and CAM

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.

Responses to Salt Stress

Responses to Salt Stress

Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Assessing Stomatal Response to Live Bacterial Cells using Whole Leaf Imaging

Assessing Stomatal Response to Live Bacterial Cells using Whole Leaf Imaging

Published on: October 2, 2010

Drawing the future: Stomatal response to CO(2) levels.

¹Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Toledo, Spain.

Plant Signaling & Behavior

|June 11, 2009

Summary

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) affects plant gas exchange. Understanding CO2 signaling in stomatal responses is crucial for predicting plant adaptation to climate change.

Area of Science:

Plant physiology
Environmental science
Molecular biology

Background:

Plant gas exchange is regulated by stomatal density and aperture.
Environmental factors like light, CO2, and hormones influence stomatal development and function.
Atmospheric CO2 levels are increasing, necessitating an understanding of plant responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on CO2 signaling mechanisms regulating stomatal function.
To explore how CO2 signaling impacts stomatal development.
To provide insights into plant adaptation to rising CO2 and climate change.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent research on CO2 signaling pathways.
Analysis of studies on environmental regulation of stomata.

Keywords:

Arabidopsis CO2 development epidermis gas exchange leaf patterning stoma

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Assessing Stomatal Response to Live Bacterial Cells using Whole Leaf Imaging

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Direct Observation and Automated Measurement of Stomatal Responses to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits

Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits

Published on: October 12, 2015

Synthesis of data on stomatal responses to varying CO2 levels.

Main Results:

CO2 directly influences stomatal development and aperture.
Specific signaling pathways mediate plant responses to atmospheric CO2.
These mechanisms are key to understanding plant acclimation to changing environments.

Conclusions:

Understanding CO2 signaling in stomata is vital for predicting plant behavior under future climate conditions.
This knowledge aids in assessing past plant adaptations and future resilience.
Further research into CO2 signal transduction pathways is warranted.