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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Published on: February 15, 2022

[Anesthesia in glaucoma surgery].

R A Paletta Guedes¹, V M Paletta Guedes, J Assis de Castro Paletta

¹Centre Ophtalmologique Paletta Guedes, 2337, av. Rio Branco sl. 801/807/808, 36010-905, Juiz de Fora - MG, Brésil; Université Fédéral de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brésil. palettaguedes@yahoo.com

Journal Francais D'Ophtalmologie

|June 12, 2009

Summary

Choosing the right anesthesia for glaucoma surgery is crucial. This review updates options like general, local, and topical anesthesia, emphasizing patient and surgeon collaboration for optimal outcomes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Published on: February 15, 2022

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Anesthesiology

Context:

Glaucoma surgery encompasses diverse procedures requiring tailored anesthetic approaches.
Anesthesia options range from general to local and topical, each with specific indications.

Purpose:

To review and update anesthetic possibilities for various glaucoma surgical procedures.
To guide the selection of anesthesia based on patient and surgical factors.

Summary:

General anesthesia is indicated for all pediatric glaucoma surgeries.
In adults, local anesthesia (retrobulbar/peribulbar) is common, with increasing interest in topical anesthesia for its benefits in procedures like trabeculectomy and deep sclerectomy.
Anesthesia choice depends on patient-specific parameters and surgeon preference.

Impact:

Highlights the importance of surgeon-anesthesiologist collaboration for safe and effective glaucoma surgery.
Provides a comprehensive overview to optimize anesthetic management in glaucoma patients.