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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Lingual thyroid.

Manish Gupta1, Gul Motwani

  • 1Department of ENT, Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital, Ramnagar, Banur, Distt. Patiala, Punjab, India. mg1217@Humlog.com

Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal
|June 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lingual thyroid gland, a rare embryogenesis defect, can cause airway obstruction or bleeding. Treatment involves thyroid hormone replacement and, if severe, surgery or radioiodine therapy.

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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Embryology
  • Endocrinology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Lingual thyroid gland is a rare congenital anomaly resulting from the failure of the thyroid gland's anlage to descend during embryogenesis.
  • This condition can manifest at any age, presenting with symptoms such as dysphagia, airway obstruction, or hemorrhage.

Observation:

  • The clinical presentation of lingual thyroid gland varies widely, impacting patients from infancy to adulthood.
  • Symptoms necessitate a thorough diagnostic evaluation, including clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and radiographic imaging.

Findings:

  • Treatment strategies depend on the clinical presentation and severity of symptoms.
  • Exogenous thyroid hormone is used to manage hypothyroidism and promote gland shrinkage.
  • Ablative therapy, including surgery or radioiodine, is indicated for symptomatic obstruction or bleeding.

Implications:

  • Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for preventing complications associated with lingual thyroid gland.
  • Understanding the embryological basis aids in diagnosing and managing this rare thyroid anomaly.
  • This case review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in evaluating and treating lingual thyroid gland disorders.