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Related Concept Videos

Residual Stresses01:26

Residual Stresses

Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
Residual Stresses in Bending01:18

Residual Stresses in Bending

In the study of elastoplastic members subjected to bending moments, understanding the loading and unloading phases is crucial for assessing material behavior and structural integrity. During the loading phase, as the bending moment increases, the material initially responds elastically, adhering to Hooke's Law, where stress is directly proportional to strain. When the load exceeds the yield strength, plastic deformation occurs, resulting in permanent strain and deformation that remains even...
Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials01:24

Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials

The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts01:10

Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

In materials that exhibit elastic and plastic behavior, known as elastoplastic materials, residual stresses can accumulate when these materials experience plastic deformation. This deformation arises from either high levels of shearing stress or significant strains. Residual stresses are internal stresses that persist within a material after removing the external force causing deformation. This phenomenon is demonstrated when observing the behavior of a shaft under torque; notably, the shaft's...
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress01:25

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
The Maximum Shearing Stress Criterion, also known as the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum
08:00

Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum

Published on: March 1, 2017

Drying patterns: Sensitivity to residual stresses.

Yossi Cohen1, Joachim Mathiesen, Itamar Procaccia

  • 1Department of Chemical Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Material failure due to volume changes can cause cracks. This study reveals how volume contraction and substrate restraint create diverse crack patterns, including spirals and networks, in thin elastic layers.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid Mechanics
  • Fracture Mechanics

Background:

  • Volume alteration in solid materials is a significant factor leading to material failure.
  • Understanding crack formation is crucial for predicting and preventing material failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of crack formation in thin elastic layers bonded to a substrate.
  • To explore how variations in volume contraction and substrate restraint influence crack patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of crack formation in thin elastic layers.
  • Analysis of crack patterns under different conditions of volume contraction and substrate restraint.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that minor changes in volume contraction and substrate restraint lead to varied crack patterns.
  • Observed the formation of spiral cracks in the presence of a radial gradient in material contraction.
  • Identified the formation of complex hierarchical networks when no prevailing gradient in material contraction exists.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the critical role of volume contraction gradients and substrate interactions in dictating crack morphology.
  • Findings provide insights into controlling crack patterns for improved material design and reliability.