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Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Conductor

Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Conductor

Moving charges experience a force in a magnetic field. Since the magnetic fields produced by moving charges are proportional to the current, a conductor carrying a current creates a magnetic field around it.
Consider a compass placed near a current-carrying wire. The wire experiences a force that aligns the needle of the compass tangentially around the wire. Thus, the current-carrying wire produces concentric circular loops of magnetic field. The magnetic field generated by a wire can be...

Magnetic Damping

Magnetic Damping

Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
If, however, the bob is a slotted metal plate, the magnet produces a much smaller effect. When a slotted metal plate enters the field, an emf is induced by the change in flux; however, it is less effective because the slots limit the...

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

The magnetic field due to a volume current distribution given by the Biot–Savart Law can be expressed as follows:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Published on: February 1, 2017

Spin currents in diluted magnetic semiconductors.

S D Ganichev¹, S A Tarasenko, V V Bel'kov

¹Terahertz Center, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|June 13, 2009

Summary

We demonstrate efficient spin separation in diluted magnetic semiconductor structures. External magnetic fields enhance spin current conversion, driven by magnetic ion polarization and giant Zeeman splitting.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Spintronics
Semiconductor Physics

Background:

Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) offer unique spintronic properties.
Spin current generation and manipulation are key in modern electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate zero-bias spin separation in (Cd,Mn)Te/(Cd,Mg)Te DMS structures.
Understand the role of magnetic ion polarization in spin-to-charge conversion.

Main Methods:

Utilized terahertz (THz) radiation to heat electron gas and generate spin current.
Applied external magnetic fields to convert spin current into electric current.
Analyzed spin polarization effects in the magnetic ion system.

Main Results:

Achieved efficient zero-bias spin separation.
Demonstrated drastic enhancement of spin-to-charge conversion efficiency.
Observed significant influence of giant Zeeman splitting and spin-dependent scattering.

Conclusions:

External magnetic fields effectively convert spin currents in DMS.
Magnetic ion polarization is crucial for enhancing spin separation efficiency.
Giant Zeeman splitting and Mn(2+) ion scattering are key mechanisms.