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Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Self-Assembly of Gamma-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids into Complex Nanostructures in Organic Solvent Mixtures
08:15

Self-Assembly of Gamma-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids into Complex Nanostructures in Organic Solvent Mixtures

Published on: June 26, 2020

Self-assembling sequence-adaptive peptide nucleic acids.

Yasuyuki Ura1, John M Beierle, Luke J Leman

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed thioester peptide nucleic acids (tPNAs), a novel synthetic polymer that self-assembles and adapts its sequence in response to templates. This breakthrough enables enzyme-free selection pressures for new biomaterials and catalytic constructs.

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Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Self-Assembly of Gamma-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids into Complex Nanostructures in Organic Solvent Mixtures
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Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Polymer chemistry

Background:

  • Previous synthetic informational polymers lacked responsiveness to selection pressures without enzymes.
  • Development of novel nucleic acid analogs is crucial for advancing biomaterials and synthetic systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel class of synthetic polymers, thioester peptide nucleic acids (tPNAs), capable of self-assembly and dynamic sequence modification.
  • To demonstrate the ability of tPNAs to undergo selection and adaptation under enzyme-free conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Self-assembly of tPNAs through reversible covalent anchoring of nucleobase units onto oligo-dipeptide backbones.
  • Demonstration of specific tPNA self-pairing and cross-pairing with RNA and DNA via Watson-Crick interactions.
  • Investigating dynamic sequence modification in response to changing template molecules in solution.

Main Results:

  • tPNAs efficiently self-assemble and exhibit dynamic sequence modification capabilities.
  • tPNAs demonstrate specific complementary pairing with other tPNAs.
  • tPNAs show cross-pairing with natural nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) following Watson-Crick base-pairing rules.
  • The system operates effectively under enzyme-free conditions, allowing for selection pressures.

Conclusions:

  • tPNAs represent a significant advancement in synthetic informational polymers, combining base-pairing with peptide-like functionalities.
  • The dynamic and adaptive nature of tPNAs opens possibilities for designing novel catalytic constructs and biomaterials.
  • Potential applications include systems capable of self-repair and adaptation, mimicking biological processes.