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Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or "prometaphase,"...

Centrosome Duplication

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...

Centrosome Duplication

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...

The Phragmoplast

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...

The Phragmoplast

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Structure and evolution of plant centromeres.

Kiyotaka Nagaki¹, Jason Walling, Cory Hirsch

¹Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan.

Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology

|June 13, 2009

Summary

Plant centromere research, focusing on DNA, proteins, and structure, has advanced significantly in recent years, particularly in Arabidopsis and Gramineae species. This review synthesizes current knowledge on plant centromeric components, structures, and their evolution.

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Area of Science:

Plant biology
Genetics
Molecular evolution

Background:

Centromere research in plants has historically lagged behind yeast and animal studies.
Recent advancements have focused on model organisms like Arabidopsis and Gramineae species.
Understanding plant centromeres is crucial for comprehending genome stability and inheritance.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge of plant centromeric DNA and proteins.
To summarize findings on plant centromere structures.
To discuss the evolution of centromeric attributes in plants.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on recent studies.
Synthesis of data primarily from Arabidopsis and Gramineae species.
Comparative analysis of centromeric components and structures.

Main Results:

Identification of key centromeric DNA sequences and proteins in plants.
Characterization of distinct centromere structures in different plant groups.
Insights into the evolutionary dynamics of plant centromeres.

Conclusions:

Plant centromere research is rapidly progressing, yielding significant discoveries.
Arabidopsis and Gramineae species are pivotal for understanding plant centromere biology.
Further research will illuminate the complex evolution and function of plant centromeres.