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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...
The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...
Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin of...
Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...

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An Orc1 initiator-specific motif (ISM)-related region limits ORC-ssDNA binding and promotes replication origin specificity in budding yeast.

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The iron-sulfur accelerator YgfZ modulates genome-wide IHF-binding dynamics to regulate replication initiation in <i>Escherichia coli</i>.

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Dynamic DnaA-DnaB interactions at oriC coordinate the loading and coupled translocation of two DnaB helicases for bidirectional replication.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
11:12

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

Published on: September 11, 2017

DnaA structure, function, and dynamics in the initiation at the chromosomal origin.

Shogo Ozaki1, Tsutomu Katayama

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.

Plasmid
|June 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Escherichia coli DnaA protein initiates DNA replication by assembling at oriC. Its structure and interactions are key to unwinding DNA and loading helicase for replication initiation.

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Imaging Replicative Domains in Ultrastructurally Preserved Chromatin by Electron Tomography
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Imaging Replicative Domains in Ultrastructurally Preserved Chromatin by Electron Tomography

Published on: May 20, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
11:12

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

Published on: September 11, 2017

Imaging Replicative Domains in Ultrastructurally Preserved Chromatin by Electron Tomography
14:56

Imaging Replicative Domains in Ultrastructurally Preserved Chromatin by Electron Tomography

Published on: May 20, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Escherichia coli DnaA protein is the essential initiator of chromosomal replication.
  • DnaA assembles at the oriC origin, forming initiation complexes that unwind DNA.
  • DnaB helicase loading is mediated by DnaA multimers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress on the molecular mechanisms of DnaA function at oriC.
  • To elucidate the structural and functional roles of DnaA in replication initiation.
  • To discuss AAA+ protein family members related to replication initiation.

Main Methods:

  • Structural determination of DnaA functional domains.
  • Identification of crucial residues involved in DNA binding, protein-protein interactions, and ATP binding.
  • Analysis of DnaA interactions with oriC DNA and DnaB helicase.

Main Results:

  • The tertiary structure of DnaA functional domains has been determined.
  • Key residues mediating DNA binding, DnaA-DnaA interactions, ATP binding, and DnaB interaction were identified.
  • A model for the initiation complex structure was proposed.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding DnaA's molecular mechanisms is crucial for comprehending DNA replication initiation.
  • DnaA's functions include DNA binding, self-assembly, ATP regulation, and helicase loading.
  • Recent structural and functional insights advance the study of replication initiation and regulation.