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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals01:27

Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals

Lattice energy represents the energy released when gaseous cations and anions combine to form an ionic solid, reflecting the strength of electrostatic interactions within the crystal. This process is fundamentally governed by Coulombic attraction between oppositely charged ions, where the potential energy varies inversely with the interionic distance and directly with the product of ionic charges. As ions approach one another, the electrostatic energy becomes increasingly negative, indicating a...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

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Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
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Surface lattice kink solitons.

Yaroslav V Kartashov, Victor A Vysloukh, Lluis Torner

    Optics Express
    |June 17, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Theoretical predictions reveal that optical lattices in nonlinear media can support novel surface kink waves. These waves are stable, localized, and controllable, paving the way for experimental observation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear optics
    • Condensed matter physics
    • Wave phenomena

    Background:

    • Optical lattices are periodic structures created by interfering laser beams.
    • Nonlinear media exhibit properties that depend on light intensity.
    • Surface waves exist at the interface between different media or structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To theoretically predict the existence of surface kink waves in optical lattices.
    • To investigate the properties and stability of these novel surface waves.
    • To explore the potential for experimental realization of optical surface kink waves.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical modeling using nonlinear wave equations.
    • Analysis of wave localization and stability properties.
    • Investigation of the influence of lattice parameters on wave characteristics.

    Main Results:

    • Surface kink waves are theoretically predicted to exist in optical lattices within defocusing nonlinear media.
    • These waves possess a modulationally stable pedestal and are localized at the lattice edge via Bragg reflection.
    • Kink steepness and localization are controllable by lattice depth, with two distinct kink types identified based on stability.

    Conclusions:

    • The theoretical framework supports the existence of optical surface kink waves.
    • These waves offer tunable properties and distinct stability regimes.
    • The findings provide a pathway for the experimental observation of these unique optical phenomena.