[Changes in crisis intervention and emergency psychiatry, Amsterdam emergency consultations in 1983 and 2005]

Since 1992 The Netherlands has seen a striking increase in the number of compulsory admissions. There is a danger that coercion will become the dominant form of treatment in the Amsterdam clinics.

To build up a picture of the changes in emergency psychiatry which have contributed to the increase in the number of acute compulsory admissions.

A cohort (n = 460) of consultations conducted by the city crisis service in 1983 was compared with a similar cohort (n = 436) of consultations conducted in 2004-2005 based on the following variables: crisis-service procedures, patient characteristics, diagnosis and consultation outcomes.

In 2003-2004 more services were involved with psychiatric patients in acute situations in the public domain than were involved in 1983. The number of patients referred by the police almost doubled, rising from 29.3 to 62.7%. In 1983 all consultations took place where the patients were located; in 2004-2005 60% took place at the premises of the crisis service. The number of psychotic patients in the cohort rose from 52 to 63.3%. There was a rise in the number of compulsory admissions (from 16.7 to 20%) and a sharp decline in voluntary admissions (from 25.7 to 7.6%). The total number of admissions following a consultation decreased from 42 to 28%.

The front-line outreach service of 1983 has been transformed into a specialist psychiatric emergency department with only a modest outreach component. Voluntary admissions via the consultation service have almost ceased. Further research is needed into the characteristics of the consultations and into the variables that play a role in the use of compulsion in emergency psychiatry.