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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running
08:26

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Published on: July 17, 2020

The fastest runner on artificial legs: different limbs, similar function?

Peter G Weyand1, Matthew W Bundle, Craig P McGowan

  • 1Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|June 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Running on modern prostheses is physiologically similar to running with intact limbs, but biomechanically different. This study compared an amputee sprinter

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Prosthetics Research

Background:

  • Competitive success of amputee sprinters using modern prostheses has sparked debate.
  • The functional capabilities of running prostheses compared to intact limbs require scientific investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the functional similarity between a bilateral transtibial amputee sprinter and intact-limb runners.
  • To compare metabolic cost, sprinting endurance, and running mechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Indirect calorimetry measured metabolic cost during level treadmill running.
  • Ground reaction force measurements analyzed running mechanics.
  • Constant-speed treadmill trials evaluated sprinting endurance.

Main Results:

  • Amputee sprinter's metabolic cost was comparable to elite and subelite distance runners, but lower than 400m specialists.
  • Sprinting speeds achieved by the amputee were similar to predicted speeds for intact-limb sprinters.
  • Mechanical analysis revealed longer foot-ground contact and shorter aerial/swing times, with lower vertical forces for the amputee.

Conclusions:

  • Running on modern lower-limb sprinting prostheses is physiologically similar to running with intact limbs.
  • Significant mechanical differences exist in running with prostheses compared to intact limbs.