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Sex performance differences in vertical and horizontal jumping.

Emily L Haag1, Peter G Weyand2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Female athletes show greater performance differences in vertical jumps compared to distance jumps due to lower muscle mass. This difference increases with jump height, impacting how much force is available to overcome gravity.

Keywords:
body compositionforce applicationgravitykineticsmass-specific force

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Science
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Sex differences in athletic performance are well-documented.
  • These differences vary across different types of athletic movements.
  • Previous research suggests biomechanical factors contribute to these variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how sex differences in jumping performance change with take-off angle.
  • To determine if lower female muscle mass/body mass fractions explain increased sex differences in vertical jumps.
  • To analyze the relationship between force application, body weight, and jump performance across sexes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of World Athletics best-performers' data for triple jump, long jump, and high jump (n=40 per sex).
  • Collection of countermovement jump data from collegiate athletes (n=19 per sex) using force platforms.
  • Calculation of take-off angles and sex differences in performance (% difference).

Main Results:

  • Sex differences in jump performance increased with vertical take-off angle (θTO), ranging from 17.4% (triple jump) to 42.1% (countermovement jump).
  • For countermovement jumps, the 42.1% difference in jump height was significantly larger than the 5.1% difference in ground-phase force application.
  • A regression model showed a strong correlation (R²=0.98) between the square of sin(θTO) and the percentage difference in performance.

Conclusions:

  • Greater verticality in jumps amplifies sex-based performance disparities.
  • Females' lower muscle mass requires a larger proportion of force to counteract gravity, reducing force available for vertical displacement.
  • These findings highlight the critical role of mass-specific force application and gravity in explaining sex differences in jumping events.