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Related Concept Videos

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
Bonding and Strength of Aggregate01:12

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.
Chemical Bonds02:40

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
An ionic bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Often, the ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from...
Valence Bond Theory and Hybridized Orbitals02:38

Valence Bond Theory and Hybridized Orbitals

According to valence bond theory, a covalent bond results when: (1) an orbital on one atom overlaps an orbital on a second atom, and (2) the single electrons in each orbital combine to form an electron pair. The strength of a covalent bond depends on the extent of overlap of the orbitals involved. Maximum overlap is possible when the orbitals overlap on a direct line between the two nuclei.
A σ bond (single bond in a Lewis structure) is a covalent bond in which the electron density is...
MO Theory and Covalent Bonding02:40

MO Theory and Covalent Bonding

The molecular orbital theory describes the distribution of electrons in molecules in a manner similar to the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals. The region of space in which a valence electron in a molecule is likely to be found is called a molecular orbital. Mathematically, the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) generates molecular orbitals. Combinations of in-phase atomic orbital wave functions result in regions with a high probability of electron density, while...

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Adjustable selective maxillary expansion combined with one-stage maxillomandibular surgery: A prospective study of osseous widening in fifty-five consecutive patients.

Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery·2018
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Adjustable selective maxillary expansion combined with maxillomandibular surgery: A case report.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices
04:54

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Published on: January 17, 2017

[Optimal direct bonding methods].

Gérard Altounian1

  • 1g.altounian@wanadoo.fr

L' Orthodontie Francaise
|June 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This clinical note details efficient direct bonding techniques. Following two rules—keeping attachments horizontal and the substrate immobile—enhances placement precision and patient comfort.

Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Dental Materials Science

Context:

  • Direct bonding is a common orthodontic technique.
  • Optimizing placement and patient comfort are key clinical goals.

Purpose:

  • To outline efficient methods for utilizing the direct bonding technique.
  • To provide practical guidelines for improving precision and patient comfort during direct bonding.

Summary:

  • The clinical note emphasizes two critical rules for efficient direct bonding: maintaining horizontal attachment orientation and ensuring substrate immobility.
  • Adherence to these principles is presented as a method to enhance the precision of bracket placement and improve overall patient comfort.

Impact:

  • Provides clinicians with actionable strategies to refine direct bonding procedures.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices
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Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding
10:32

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

Published on: January 9, 2014

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Accessible Silicone Chip-to-Membrane Sealing Procedure for Flexible, Reliable Bonding

Published on: March 20, 2026

  • Aims to improve treatment outcomes and patient experience in orthodontic care.