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Related Concept Videos

Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Applications of Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research: Tropane Alkaloids as a Case Study
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Applications of Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research: Tropane Alkaloids as a Case Study

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The Daphniphyllum alkaloids.

Jun'ichi Kobayashi1, Takaaki Kubota

  • 1Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.

Natural Product Reports
|June 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This review details over 200 Daphniphyllum alkaloids isolated since 1996. It classifies their structures, explores biosynthesis, total syntheses, and bioactivities, offering a comprehensive overview of these natural products.

Area of Science:

  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Pharmacognosy

Background:

  • The genus Daphniphyllum is a rich source of structurally diverse alkaloids.
  • Over 200 Daphniphyllum alkaloids have been identified across 13 species.
  • Research into these compounds began in 1996.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of Daphniphyllum alkaloids.
  • To summarize isolation and structure elucidation studies.
  • To cover biosynthesis, total synthesis, and bioactivities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published research.
  • Classification of alkaloid structures based on key compounds.
  • Analysis of reported biosynthetic pathways and synthetic strategies.

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Main Results:

  • Detailed summary of isolation and structure elucidation of ~200 Daphniphyllum alkaloids.
  • Classification based on six core structures: daphniphylline, secodaphniphylline, yuzurimine, daphnilactone A, daphnilactone B, and yuzurine.
  • Inclusion of newly discovered alkaloid skeletons.

Conclusions:

  • The review consolidates extensive research on Daphniphyllum alkaloids.
  • It highlights the structural diversity and complexity of these natural products.
  • It serves as a foundational resource for future research in biosynthesis, synthesis, and pharmacology.